Chapter 6
- Please keep these annotations SPOILER-FREE by not revealing information from later pages in the novel.
| If your edition has 183 pages, follow the pages marked a: |   |
If your edition has 152 pages, follow b: |
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a: ???, b: 120 - Humbert Humbert
Humbert Humbert is the narrator and main character in Vladimir Nabokov's "Lolita" (1955)[1]
b: 121 - eight-year-old
Why does Serge choose eight? Anything below 13 would probably be equally shocking. Numerology might give clues. For instance there are 8 Jungian cognitive functions; Timothy Leary identified 8 levels of consciousness; a byte is 8 bits; V8 is an automobile engine with 8 cylinders and also a vegetable juice drink. In numerology, 8 is the number of building, and in some theories, also the number of destruction.[2]
b: 122 - Emory Bortz
The most obvious allusion would be to Emory University in Atlanta, GA,[3] but there are also several individuals of interest named Emory.[4] The last name Bortz might allude to an Hungarian chieftain.[5] It is also
a diamond of inferior quality, commonly used for drill tips; abrasive diamond powder; bort.[6] Also a German slang for a little fellow.[7]
b: 122 - Grace
The wife may or may not live up to her name. Free and undeserved favour, especially of God; unmerited divine assistance given to humans for their regeneration or sanctification, or for resisting sin.[8]
b: 123 - Winthrop Tremaine
Winthrop is a colonial era surname, colonial governors of Massachusetts and Connecticut.[9] Tremaine is a Cornish language name, though most often a surname.[10] Johnny Tremain, minus the e at the end was a character and title of a children's book written in 1943. The main character lives through the American Revolution.[11]
b: 123 - girlie magazines
1950's (etc) "porn" magazine featuring scantily-clad females (about like modern underwear ads!!)[12]
b: 123 - riparian
Relating to or living or located on the bank of a natural watercourse.[13]
b: 124 - historical
Of, concerning, or in accordance with recorded history, (particularly) as opposed to legends, myths, and fictions.[14] Oedipa seeks to know the writer, not the myth or legend. The student mocks her by implying that Shakespeare, Marx, and Jesus are unknowable as "historical" figures.
b: 124 - Vatican Library
The Vatican Apostolic Library (Latin: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Italian: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat, is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City, and is the city-state's national library. It was formally established in 1475, although it is much older—it is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. It has 75,000 codices from throughout history, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 incunabula.[15]
b: 124 - Bowdlerized
Thomas Bowdler published a version of Shakespeare that removed profanity and sexual references in an effort to be more appropriate for audiences of his time. Since then, the term 'bowdlerize' generally refers to censorship of offensive material from artistic works.[16]
a: 151, b: 124 - K. da chingado
Chingado is Spanish slang meaning "fucker."[17]
b: 126 - abyss
(frequently figurative) A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or chasm; hence, any deep, immeasurable; any void space. Also a term for Hell. Moral depravity; vast intellectual or moral depth.[18]
b: 126 - depraved
Perverted or extremely wrong in a moral sense.[19] Why does Oedipa describe the girl as depraved but not Metzger?
b: 126 - taken a Brody
Steve Brodie [sic] was a New York City bookie who claimed to have survived the 135 foot jump from the Brooklyn Bridge in 1886. The notoriety surrounding this story is the source of phrases such as "pull a Brodie" or "take a Brodie." As Driblette's walk into the Pacific was fatal and did not include a fall from a great height, Oedipa's appropriation of the expression is forced at best.[20]
b: 127 - woodcuts
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain (unlike wood engraving, where the block is cut in the end-grain). The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller (brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas.[21]
b: 127 - poetaster
An inferior poet; a writer of insignificant or shoddy poetry.[22]
b: 127 - figure of Death
Personifications of death are found in many religions and mythologies. In some mythologies, a character known as the Grim Reaper (usually depicted as a berobed skeleton wielding a scythe) causes the victim's death by coming to collect that person's soul. Other beliefs hold that the spectre of death is only a psychopomp, a benevolent figure who serves to gently sever the last ties between the soul and the body, and to guide the deceased to the afterlife, without having any control over when or how the victim dies. Death is most often personified in male form, although in certain cultures death is perceived as female (for instance, Marzanna in Slavic mythology, or Santa Muerte in Mexico). Death is also portrayed as one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Most claims of its appearance occur in states of near-death.[23]
b: 127 - Protestant
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity[a] that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.[1][2] The five solae summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism.[24]
b: 127 - Scurvhamite
Another possible portmanteau name. Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, fatigue, and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur. As scurvy worsens, there can be poor wound healing, personality changes, and finally death from infection or bleeding.[25] "ham" ends many British towns and parishes, so a diseased hamlet? Also may be a reference/pun on Benthamites.[26][27]
b: 128 - Charles I
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.[28]
b: 128 - sect
A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group. Although the term was originally a classification for religious separated groups, it can now refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles. Sects are usually created due to perception of heresy by the subgroup and/or the larger group.[29]
b: 128 - predestination
Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism; and usually predeterminism, also known as theological determinism.[30] The Scurvhamites take the concept of predestination and separate it from the rest of the working world, which they describe similar to the watchmaker god of Deism although with probably evil intent.
b: 128 - sodality
(Christianity) Spiritual communion with a divine being, a fellowship.[31]
b: 128 - annihilation
The act of destroying or otherwise turning into nothing, or nonexistence.[32]
b: 128 - the Word
The first verse of the Gospel of John reads: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." Jesus is often referred to as the Word or Logos in Greek.[33]
b: 129 - vertiginous
Having an aspect of great depth, drawing the eye to look downwards.[34] More void/abyss imagery.
b: 129 - peregrination
A journey made by a pilgrim; a pilgrimage. Also an archaic term for the journey to the afterlife.[35]
b: 129 - tabernacle
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle (Hebrew: מִשְׁכַּן, romanized: miškan, lit. 'residence, dwelling place'), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (Hebrew: אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, romanized: ʔōhel mōʕēḏ, also Tent of Meeting), was the portable earthly dwelling of God used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan. Moses was instructed at Mount Sinai to construct and transport the tabernacle with the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their subsequent conquest of the Promised Land. After 480 years, Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God.[36]
b: 129 - Diocletian
Diocletian, nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He is known for his persecution of early Christians.[37]
b: 129 - Blobb
A shapeless or amorphous mass; a vague shape or amount, especially of a liquid or semisolid substance; a clump, group or collection that lacks definite shape.[38]
b: 129 - Torre and Tassis
The Tasso family (from the Italian word for "badger", the family's heraldic animal) was a Lombard family in the area of Bergamo. The earliest records place them in Almenno in the Val Brembana around 1200, before they fled to the more distant village of Cornello to escape feuding between Bergamo's Colleoni (Guelf) and Suardi (Ghibelline) families. Around 1290, after Milan had conquered Bergamo, Omodeo Tasso organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers (Compagnia dei Corrieri) and linked Milan with Venice and Rome. The recipient of royal and papal patronage, his post riders were so comparatively efficient that they became known as bergamaschi throughout Italy.
Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of the Emperor Frederick the Peaceful in 1443. He organized a post system between Bergamo and Vienna by 1450; from Innsbruck to Italy and Styria around 1460; and Vienna with Brussels around 1480. Upon his success, Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the Chamber. Janetto von Taxis [de] was appointed Chief Master of Postal Services at Innsbruck in 1489. Philip of Burgundy elevated Janetto's brother Francesco I de Tassis [it] to captain of his post in 1502. Owing to a payment dispute with Philip, Francisco opened his post to public use in 1506. In 1512 the family was ennobled by Emperor Maximilian I. By 1516, Francisco had moved the family to Brussels in the Duchy of Brabant, where they became instrumental to Habsburg rule, linking the rich Habsburg Netherlands to the Spanish court. The normal route passed through France, but a secondary route across the Alps to Genoa was available in times of hostility.
In 1608 the Brussels line was raised to the status of hereditary barons, and in 1642 the Innsbruck line as well (which descends from Gabriel de Tassis, d. 1529). When the Brussels line was raised to the hereditary status of counts in 1624, they needed illustrious lineage to legitimize their intended further ascension to the high nobility. Alexandrine von Taxis commissioned genealogists to "clarify" their origin, who until then had only been considered a family descending from medieval knights who had become merchants. They now claimed, albeit without documentary evidence, that they descended from the famous Italian noble family Della Torre, or Torriani, who had ruled in Milan and Lombardy until 1311. She then applied to the emperor for a name change. With the Germanization, the coat of arms symbol of the Milanese family, the tower (Torre), became Thurn (an older German spelling, nowadays Turm) and was placed in front of the actual family name Tasso, translated with Taxis (an older German spelling for Dachs = Badger). The tower of the Torriani was added to the badger as a coat of arms.[39]
b: 129 - Lake of Piety
In Italian this is Lago di Pietà.[40] See Lago di Pietà
b: 129 - cudgel
A short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon.[41]
b: 130 - harquebuses
arquebus, hackbuss, hackbut, hagbus, hagbut, hagebut, harbush, harquebuse, harquebuss[42]
An arquebus is a form of long gun that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. An infantryman armed with an arquebus is called an arquebusier.[43]
b: 130 - counter-revolution
A counter-revolutionary or an anti-revolutionary is anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particularly one who acts after a revolution in order to try to overturn it or reverse its course, in full or in part.[44] This term didn't come into usage until the French Revolution.
b: 130 - usurpers
A usurper is an illegitimate or controversial claimant to power, often but not always in a monarchy. In other words, one who takes the power of a country, city, or established region for oneself, without any formal or legal right to claim it as one's own.[45]
b: 130 - Motley's
John Lothrop Motley (April 15, 1814 – May 29, 1877) was an American author and diplomat. As a popular historian, he is best known for his works on the Netherlands, the three volume work The Rise of the Dutch Republic and four volume History of the United Netherlands. As United States Minister to Austria in the service of the Abraham Lincoln administration, Motley helped to prevent European intervention on the side of the Confederates in the American Civil War. He later served as Minister to the United Kingdom (Court of St. James) during the Ulysses S. Grant administration.[46]
b: 130 - The Rise of the Dutch Republic
This is the history that Bortz and Oedipa claim to use.[47] However, Albert Rolls claims in an article here that Pynchon uses a book by Adrien Albert Eugène Émile Antoine, Count of Meeûs, known in literature as Adrien de Meeûs, a Belgian Maurrassian writer. He wrote a History of the Belgians, published in English in 1962.[48] This is from the French language wikipedia, translated by Google.
b: 131 - Augustine
Blobb's brother, a minister is named after Augustine of Hippo. Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period. His many important works include The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.[49]
b: 131 - Low Countries
The Low Countries, historically also known as the Netherlands (Dutch: de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland, which is singular). Geographically and historically, the area can also include parts of France and Germany such as Nord and Pas-de-Calais and the German regions of East Frisia, Guelders and Cleves. During the Middle Ages, the Low Countries were divided into numerous semi-independent principalities.[50]
b: 131 - William of Orange
William III (William Henry; Dutch: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. He ruled Britain and Ireland alongside his wife, Queen Mary II, and their joint reign is known as that of William and Mary.[51]
b:131 - Catholic Holy Roman Emperor
In 1519, already reigning as Carlos I in Spain, Charles took up the imperial title as Karl V. The Holy Roman Empire would end up going to a more junior branch of the Habsburgs in the person of Charles's brother Ferdinand, while the senior branch continued to rule in Spain and the Burgundian inheritance in the person of Charles's son, Philip II of Spain. Many factors contribute to this result. For James D. Tracy, it was the polycentric character of the European civilization that made it hard to maintain "a dynasty whose territories bestrode the continent from the Low Countries to Sicily and from Spain to Hungary—not to mention Spain's overseas possessions".[184] Others point out the religious tensions, fiscal problems and obstruction from external forces including France and the Ottomans. On a more personal level, Charles failed to persuade the German princes to support his son Philip, whose "awkward and withdrawn character and lack of German language skills doomed this enterprise to failure.[52]
b: 131 - entered Brussels in triumph
The events on this page refer the the Eighty Years War.[53][54]
b: 131 - Calvanist
Reformed Christianity is often called Calvinism after John Calvin, influential reformer of Geneva. The term was first used by opposing Lutherans in the 1550s. Calvin did not approve of the use of this term, and scholars have argued that use of the term is misleading, inaccurate, unhelpful, and "inherently distortive."[55]
b: 131 - junta
Junta is a Spanish, Portuguese and Italian (giunta) term for a civil deliberative or administrative council. In English, the term, even when used alone, generally refers to a "military junta", the government of an authoritarian state run by high-ranking officers of a military. The literal meaning of the word derives from juntar (to join); a group of people with a common purpose.[56][57]
b: 131 - Estates-General
Pynchon uses the French term for the States General of the Nederlands. The States General originated in the 15th century as an assembly of all the provincial states of the Burgundian Netherlands. In 1579, during the Dutch Revolt, the States General split as the northern provinces openly rebelled against Philip II, and the northern States General replaced Philip II as the supreme authority of the Dutch Republic in 1581.[58]
b: 131 - Brussels Commune
An allusion to the Paris Commune of 1871.
The Paris Commune (French: Commune de Paris, pronounced [kɔ.myn də pa.ʁi]) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard had defended Paris, and working-class radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on March 18. They killed two French army generals and refused to accept the authority of the Third Republic, instead attempting to establish an independent government.[59]
The Commune governed Paris for two months, establishing policies that tended toward a progressive, anti-religious system of their own self-styled socialism, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-century schools. These policies included the separation of church and state, self-policing, the remission of rent, the abolition of child labor, and the right of employees to take over an enterprise deserted by its owner. All Catholic churches and schools were closed. Feminist, communist, old style social democracy (a mix of reformism and revolutionism), and anarchist currents, among other socialist types, played important roles in the Commune.
b: 131 - Leonard I, Baron of Taxis
At the death of Francisco in 1517, Emperor Charles V appointed Francisco's nephew Johann Baptista von Taxis (1470-1541) as Generalpostmeister of the Kaiserliche Reichspost. Johann Baptista was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, Franz II von Taxis (1514-1543), after whose untimely death the family split into two further branches. The youngest son, Leonhard I von Taxis, succeeded as Generalpostmeister and is the ancestor of the princely Thurn and Taxis family. Johann Baptista's second-eldest son, Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579), took over the office of postmaster-general to the Crown of Spain and settled in Spain.[60]
b: 131 - Gentleman of the Emperor's Privy Chamber
The Holy Roman Emperor had nothing called a privy chamber. This is an English institution.[61]
The Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber were noble-born servants to the Crown who would wait and attend on the King in private, as well as during various court activities, functions and entertainments.[62]
b: 131 - Baron of Buysinghen
A city south of Brussels in Belgium.[63]
b: 131 - Jan Hinckart
In 1492 Jan van Baexen became the new lord. He was married to Elisabeth van Harff. In 1500 the loan was split. Half of it went to the three brothers of Jan and their descendants, each getting one-sixth. The other half went to Willem Hinckart and Goyert van Harff.[64]
b: 131 - Lord of Ohain
Ohain is a Belgian village and district of the municipality of Lasne, Wallonia in the province of Walloon Brabant.[65]
b: 131 - Calavera
Tristero’s surname means skull or skeleton, and can also refer to Day of the Dead confections.[66][67]
b: 131 - Alexander Farnese
Alexander Farnese (27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian noble and condottiero, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. As a general of the Spanish army during the Dutch revolt, Farnese captured more than thirty towns in what is now Belgium between 1581 and 1587 and returned them to the control of Habsburg Spain.[68]
b: 132 - Bohemian
Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohemian kings, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, in which case the smaller region is referred to as Bohemia proper as a means of distinction.[69]
b: 132 - Rudolph II
Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He was a member of the House of Habsburg.[70]
b: 132 - El Desheredado
The Disinherited.[71]
b: 132 - tasso
Badger in Italian. This is on the Thurn and Taxis coat of arms.[72]
b: 132 - Bergamascan
Bergamo is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of Northern Italy, approximately 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Milan, and about 30 km (19 mi) from Switzerland, the alpine lakes Como and Iseo and 70 km (43 mi) from Garda and Maggiore. The Bergamo Alps (Alpi Orobie) begin immediately north of the city.[73]
b: 132 - sub rosa
Covertly or in secret; confidentially, privately, secretly. Literally under the rose.[74]
b: 133 - Napa Valley
Napa Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Napa County, California. It was established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) on January 27, 1981. Napa Valley is considered one of the premier wine regions in the world. Records of commercial wine production in the region date back to the nineteenth century,[5] but premium wine production dates back only to the 1960s.[75]
b: 133 - muscatel
Muscatel is a type of wine made from muscat grapes. The term is now normally used in the United States to refer to a fortified wine made from these grapes rather than just any wine made from these grapes. This fortified muscatel became popular in the United States when, at the end of prohibition, in order to meet the large demand for wine, some poor strains of muscat grapes (used normally for table grapes or raisins) mixed with sugar and cheap brandy were used to produce what has since become infamous as a wino wine. This kind of fortified wine has, in the United States, damaged the reputation of all muscat-based wines and the term muscatel tends no longer to be used for these "better" wines in the United States. In other markets the term Muscatel, or Moscatel, refers to a wide range of sweet wines based on these grapes.[76] This would not be the premium wine production for which Napa Valley is now famous.
b: 133 - phantom limb
A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached. It is a chronic condition which is often resistant to treatment.[1] When the cut ends of sensory fibres are stimulated during thigh movements, the patient feels as if the sensation is arising from the non-existent limb. Sometimes the patient might feel pain in the non-existent limb.[77]
b: 133 - prosthetic device
A prosthetic device is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder). Prostheses are intended to restore the normal functions of the missing body part.[78]
b: 134 - Alexandrine of Rye
Alexandrine von Taxis (1 August 1589 – 26 December 1666), was a German noblewoman who served as Imperial General Postmaster of the Kaiserliche Reichspost, the General Post Office of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Post Master of the Spanish Netherlands, from 1628 until 1646.[79]
b: 135 - Lamoral II-Claudius-Franz
Lamoral II Claudius Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis (14 February 1621 (baptized) – 13 September 1676) was a German nobleman and Imperial Postmaster. He took over the post of Imperial Postmaster General from his mother when he came of age in 1646. He obtained permission from the Emperor in 1650 to change his family name to von Thurn, Valsassina und Taxis, but then opted for the shorter von Thurn und Taxis (or de la Tour et Tassis in French). He and his mother were instrumental in the organization of the Imperial postal system. After the end of the Thirty Years' War, he successfully competed against the many postal systems of the German states. He was, however, unable to regain a legal monopoly. He also participated in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Westphalia.[80]
b: 135 - Brussels
The City of Brussels is the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region, as well as the capital of the Flemish Region (from which it is separate) and Belgium.[81]
b: 135 - Antwerp
Antwerp is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.[82]
b: 135 - Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years' War,[j] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%.[83]
b: 135 - Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, participated in the treaties.[84]
b: 135 - particularism
The principle that individual states, races of a federation, etc., may act independently of a central authority.[85]
b: 135 - Kirk Douglas
was an American actor and filmmaker. After an impoverished childhood, he made his film debut in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s, known for serious dramas, including westerns and war films. During his career, he appeared in more than 90 films and was known for his explosive acting style.[86] Is it the chin dimple? or the style of acting that makes Bortz consider him as an avatar for the Konrad character?
b: 136 - Zeitgeist
is an invisible agent, force, or daemon dominating the characteristics of a given epoch in world history.[87][88]
b: 136 - French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while its values and institutions remain central to modern French political discourse.[89]
b: 136 - Proclamation of 9th Frimaire, An III
There doesn't appear to be such a proclamation. Frimaire was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word frimas 'frost'. It was the third month of the autumn quarter (mois d'automne). It started between 21 November and 23 November, ending between 20 December and 22 December. It follows Brumaire and precedes Nivôse.[90] 9th Frimaire, An III = Saturday, November 29th, 1794. Some discussion from the Pynchon list-serve here
b: 137 - NYU
New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a non-denominational all-male institution near City Hall based on a curriculum focused on a secular education. The university moved in 1833 and has maintained its main campus in Greenwich Village surrounding Washington Square Park. Since then, the university has added an engineering school in Brooklyn's MetroTech Center and graduate schools throughout Manhattan.[91]
b: 139 - Scott catalogue
The Scott catalogue of postage stamps, published by Scott Publishing Company, now a subsidiary of Amos Media, is updated annually and lists all the stamps of the world that its editors recognize as issued for postal purposes.[92]
b: 140 - viscera
Collectively, the internal organs of the body, especially those contained within the abdominal and thoracic cavities, such as the liver, heart, or stomach.[93]
b: 140 - indole alkaloids
The action of some indole alkaloids has been known for ages. Aztecs used the psilocybin mushrooms which contain alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin.[94]
b: 142 - Zumstein catalogue
The Zumstein catalog is a postage stamp catalog from Switzerland. It has been issued regularly since 1909 and is considered to be an important reference work of Swiss philately. It is published in German and French languages.[95]
b: 142 - Royal Philatelic Society
The Royal Philatelic Society London (RPSL) is the oldest philatelic society in the world.[96]
b: 142 - Dresden
is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.[97]
b: 142 - famous Bibliothéque des Timbrophiles of Jean-Baptiste Moens
Jean-Baptiste Philippe Constant Moens (27 May 1833, Tournai – 28 April 1908) was a Belgian philatelist recognized as the first dealer in stamps for collectors.[1] He was one of the original philatelic journalists. He began the first French language philatelic monthly, Le Timbre-Poste, which ran from 1863 until 1900,[98]
b: 142 - penumbra
3. Something related to, connected to, and implied by, the existence of something else that is necessary for the second thing to be full and complete in its essential aspects.[99]
b: 142 - battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.[100]
b: 143 - Frankfurt Assembly
The Frankfurt Parliament (German: Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of the Austrian Empire,[1] elected on 1 May 1848.[101]
b: 143 - Buda-Pesth at the barricades
The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated one and a half years later, with the help of the Russian Empire.[102]
b: 143 - watchmakers of the Jura
The Swiss canton of Jura is known for watchmaking. The king of Burgundy donated much of the land that today makes up canton Jura to the bishop of Basel in 999. The area was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the Jura had close ties with the Swiss Confederation. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Jura region became part of the canton of Bern. This act caused dissension. The Jura was French-speaking and Roman Catholic, whereas the canton of Bern was mostly German-speaking and Protestant.[103]
b: 143 - great postal reform
An Act of Congress of March 3, 1845 (effective July 1, 1845), established uniform (and mostly reduced) postal rates throughout the nation, with a uniform rate of five cents for distances under 300 miles (500 km) and ten cents for distances between 300 and 3,000 miles.[104]
b: 143 - Siouan and Athapascan dialects
Sioux are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations people from the Great Plains of North America. The Sioux have two major linguistic divisions: the Dakota and Lakota peoples.[105] Athabaskan is a large family of Indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean).[106]
b: 144 - 1893 Columbian Exposition Issue
The stamp commemorates the exposition that dominates the first section of Against the Day.[107]
b: 148 - Pullman cars
Pullman is the term for railroad sleeping cars that were built and operated by the Pullman Company (founded by George Pullman) from 1867 to December 31, 1968.[108]
b: 149 - Plymouths
For much of its life, Plymouth was one of the top-selling American automobile brands; it, together with Chevrolet and Ford, was commonly referred to as the "low-priced three" marques in the American market. [109]
b: 150 - Orange County
Orange County is sometimes divided into northern and southern regions. There are significant political, demographic, economic and cultural distinctions between North and South Orange County. The southern region is wealthier and predominately Republican historically.[110]
b: 150 - administrator de bonis non
De bonis non administratis, Latin for "of goods not administered," is a legal term for assets remaining in an estate after the death or removal of the estate administrator. The second administrator is called the administrator de bonis non and distributes the remaining assets. In the United States's Uniform Probate Code, these titles have been replaced by successor personal representative.[111]
b: 151 - Mozambique triangles
The Kionga Triangle was a tiny territory on the border between German East Africa (present-day United Republic of Tanzania) and the Portuguese colony of Mozambique (present day Republic of Mozambique), originally Portuguese, but occupied by German forces in 1894, and recaptured by the Portuguese forces in 1916. The triangle was the only German territory that the post-war Treaty of Versailles awarded to Portugal.[112]
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